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Turks in Algeria
The Turks in Algeria, also known as Turco-Algerians〔.〕 and Algerian Turks,〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Turks in northern Africa yearn for Ottoman ancestors )〕 ((アラビア語:أتراك الجزائر) (フランス語:Turcs d'Algérie); ) are the ethnic Turks who constitute a minority group in Algeria.〔〔.〕 During the Ottoman rule, the Turks colonized and dominated the political life of the region;〔.〕 as a result, the ethnic mix of Algeria changed with the migration of Turks from Anatolia and the evolvement of the "Kouloughlis" who are people of mixed Turkish and central Maghrebis blood.〔.〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Levanten Türkler )〕
==History==
The foundation of Ottoman Algeria was directly linked to the establishment of the Ottoman province (beylerbeylik) of the Maghreb at the beginning of the 16th century.〔.〕 At the time, fearing that their city would fall into Spanish hands, the inhabitants of Algiers called upon Ottoman corsairs for help.〔 Headed by Oruç Reis and his brother Hayreddin Barbarossa, they took over the rule of the city and started to expand their territory into the surrounding areas. Sultan Selim I (r. 1512-20) agreed to assume control of the Maghreb regions ruled by Hayreddin as a province, granting the rank of governor-general (beylerbey) to Hayreddin. In addition, the Sultan sent 2,000 janissaries, accompanied by about 4,000 volunteers to the newly established Ottoman province of the Maghreb, whose capital was to be the city of Algiers.〔 These colonizers, mainly from Anatolia, called each other "yoldaş" (a Turkish word meaning "comrade") and called their sons born of unions with local women "Kuloğlu’s", implying that they considered their children's status as that of the Sultan's servants.〔.〕 Likewise, to indicate in the registers that a certain person is an offspring of a Turk and a local woman, the note "ibn al-turki" (or "kuloglu") was added to his name.〔.〕
The exceptionally high number of colonizers greatly affected the character of the city of Algiers, and that of the province at large. In 1587, the province was divided into three different provinces, which were established where the modern states of Algeria, Libya and Tunisia, were to emerge. Each of these provinces was headed by a Pasha sent from Constantinople for a three-year term. The division of the Maghreb launched the process that led eventually to the janissary corps' rule over the province.〔.〕 From the end of the 16th century, Algiers's Ottoman elite chose to emphasize its Turkish identity and nurture its Turkish character to a point at which it became an ideology.〔 By so doing, the Algerian province took a different path from that of its neighboring provinces, where local-Ottoman elites were to emerge. The aim of nurturing the elite's Turkishness was twofold: it limited the number of the privileged group (the ocak) while demonstrating the group's loyalty to the Sultan.〔 By the 18th century there was 50,000 janissaries concentrated in the city of Algiers alone.〔
The lifestyle, language, religion, and area of origin of the Ottoman elite's members created remarkable differences between the Algerian Ottoman elite and the indigenous population.〔.〕 For example, members of the elite adhered to Hanafi law while the rest of the population subscribed to the Maliki school.〔 Most of the elites originated from non-Arab regions of the Empire. Furthermore, most members of the elite spoke Ottoman Turkish while the local population spoke Algerian Arabic and even differed from the rest of the population in their dress.〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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